**Cartridge Alignment Protractor: Free PDF Made for Your Tonearm**

> Print an arc or two-point protractor drawn for your turntable: Baerwald, Löfgren B or Stevenson, IEC or DIN, A4 or Letter. A bank card checks the scale. No sign-up.

Source: https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/

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Protractor

# Cartridge alignment protractor

Pick your turntable or type in your tonearm's numbers, and get a protractor drawn for that arm: the arc the stylus travels, both null points and the overhang mark. It prints on A4 or Letter, and a bank card shows whether the printer kept the scale.

Its manual has no step for mounting or aligning a cartridge, only for replacing the stylus: the factory sets where the stylus sits, and a protractor cannot improve it. When the sound goes dull or harsh, replace the stylus the way the manual shows.

## Your setup

A two-point protractor needs no turntable data: you set overhang and angle together until both null points line up.

Download PDF Copy link to this setup

Print at 100 % ("Actual size"), not "Fit to page".

*Preview*

*## Tracking error across the record*

Zero = the stylus sits exactly tangent to the groove. Every alignment crosses zero twice: at its null points. Drawn for a typical arm with a 215 mm pivot-to-spindle distance. Pick a turntable to see yours.

## Does your cartridge suit the arm?

Arm and cartridge together have a resonance, a frequency where they bounce. Below about 7 Hz warped records and footsteps shake the arm; above about 12 Hz it gets close to the bass you can hear. Pick a cartridge to see where yours sits.

Enter the tonearm effective mass to see the result.

Method and limits from Audio-Technica: [How do I match a phono cartridge to my turntable?](https://www.audio-technica.com/en-us/support/audio-solutions-question-of-the-week-how-do-i-match-a-phono-cartridge-to-my-turntable/)

## Universal protractors, ready to print

Two-point protractors that fit any turntable. No sign-up, free to share; link to this page rather than to the files.

- **Baerwald (Löfgren A)** · IEC · [A4 (PDF)](https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/vinylai-protractor-baerwald-iec-a4.pdf) · [Letter (PDF)](https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/vinylai-protractor-baerwald-iec-letter.pdf)
- **Löfgren B** · IEC · [A4 (PDF)](https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/vinylai-protractor-lofgren-b-iec-a4.pdf) · [Letter (PDF)](https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/vinylai-protractor-lofgren-b-iec-letter.pdf)
- **Stevenson** · IEC · [A4 (PDF)](https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/vinylai-protractor-stevenson-iec-a4.pdf) · [Letter (PDF)](https://vinylai.app/turntables/protractor/vinylai-protractor-stevenson-iec-letter.pdf)

## How to align a cartridge with a printed protractor

You need the printed sheet, a small screwdriver for the cartridge screws, and good light. A magnifier, or your phone camera zoomed in, makes the cantilever easier to see.

1. **Print at the right size.** In the print dialog choose **100 %** or **Actual size** and switch off "Fit to page". On an iPhone or iPad, save the PDF to Files and print from there. Then lay any bank card or ID card on the box at the bottom of the sheet: if its edges match the outline, the scale is right.
2. **Fit it on the spindle.** Cut the spindle hole a little smaller than the circle with a craft knife and press the sheet down over the spindle, so it turns without play. Put it on the mat you play records on, not on the bare platter: the mat sets the height.
3. **Set tracking force first.** Balance the arm and set the tracking force your cartridge maker gives, so the stylus rests on the paper the way it rests on a record. Loosen the cartridge screws just enough that the cartridge slides with a little friction.
4. **Set the overhang.** Swing the arm over the spindle and lower the stylus. On the arc protractor it has to land on the *overhang* mark, where the arc passes the spindle. If it lands beyond the mark, slide the cartridge back towards the pivot; if it stops short, slide it forward. Then turn the sheet and lower the stylus at a few more points: it should follow the arc all the way out.
5. **Set the angle at both null points.** Lower the stylus onto the dot of the inner null point. Look straight down with one eye closed and twist the cartridge until the **cantilever**, the thin tube that holds the stylus, runs parallel to the long lines. Do the same at the outer null point. If it is parallel at one point and not the other, the overhang is off: go back one step.
6. **Tighten and check again.** Tighten the two screws a little at a time, in turn. Tightening often twists the cartridge slightly, so lower the stylus on both null points once more.

With the two-point protractor there is no arc and no overhang mark: you set overhang and angle at the same time, moving and twisting the cartridge until the cantilever is parallel to the lines at both null points.

## Baerwald, Löfgren B or Stevenson?

A pivoted arm swings in an arc, so the stylus is exactly tangent to the groove at only two radii: the null points. Everywhere else it sits at a small angle, the tracking error, and the distortion that angle causes grows as the groove gets closer to the label. The three alignments use the same arm and the same cartridge. They only choose where the two null points go, which decides where the error ends up.

Baerwald (Löfgren A)

Makes the distortion peaks equal at the start of the side, in the middle and at the end. It is the default here and the geometry most printed protractors use.

Löfgren B

Gives the lowest average distortion over the whole side, paid for with a little more at the first and last grooves. It needs the most overhang of the three.

Stevenson

Puts the inner null point on the last groove, where distortion is worst, and accepts more error in the middle and outer part. It needs the least overhang of the three.

The chart in the generator draws all three for your arm. For a typical 215 mm pivot-to-spindle distance, the difference between Baerwald and Löfgren B is smaller than what half a millimetre of overhang or half a degree of twist costs: careful setting matters more than the choice of geometry.

Some makers publish their own geometry. The Technics SL-1200MK7 manual gives 15 mm overhang and a 22° offset angle, which puts that arm's null points near 58.8 mm and 113.5 mm: closer to Stevenson than to Baerwald. It is a valid alignment too. If your headshell has no room to move the cartridge, keep the factory setting.

## IEC or DIN?

Two standards for where the music on an LP may start and end. Both put the outer groove at 146.05 mm from the centre. **IEC** puts the innermost groove at 60.325 mm, **DIN** at 57.5 mm, so DIN null points sit slightly further in. IEC is the usual choice. Pick DIN if many of your records play almost to the label. JIS, the Japanese standard, is not offered: we could not find its figures in the standard itself, and we did not want to print numbers taken from a forum.

## Arc or two-point protractor?

The **two-point** protractor needs no turntable data, but you set overhang and angle together, by trial. The **arc** protractor splits the job into two steps (overhang first, then angle) and is quicker to get right, but it is drawn for one pivot-to-spindle distance. If you measure that distance yourself, measure from the centre of the spindle to the centre of the tonearm pivot to within half a millimetre: an error there goes straight into the overhang.

## Tonearm figures from the makers

The turntables in the generator, with the figures their makers print. Pivot-to-spindle is effective length minus overhang.

| Turntable | Effective length | Overhang | Offset angle | Pivot to spindle | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP120XUSBOpen in the generator | 230.5 mm | 16 mm | not given | 214.5 mm | [Audio-Technica AT-LP120XUSB manual, p.15](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp120xusb_um_162501380_v2_en_web_190609.pdf#page=16) |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP140XPOpen in the generator | 230.5 mm | 16 mm | not given | 214.5 mm | [Audio-Technica AT-LP140XP manual, p.15](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp140xp_um_162501390_v1_en_web_190413.pdf#page=16) |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP3XBTOpen in the generator | 221.5 mm | 19 mm | not given | 202.5 mm | [Audio-Technica AT-LP3XBT manual, p.46](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/AT-LP3XBT-UM-EN.pdf#page=47)[Audio-Technica AT-LP3XBT product page](https://www.audio-technica.co.jp/product/AT-LP3XBT) |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP5XOpen in the generator | 247 mm | 17 mm | not given | 230 mm | [Audio-Technica AT-LP5X manual, p.15](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/AT-LP5X_UM_162501850_V2_EN_web_210225.pdf#page=16) |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP7Open in the generator | 247 mm | 17 mm | not given | 230 mm | [Audio-Technica AT-LP7 manual, p.13](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp7_um_162501141_v2_eu_web_200228.pdf#page=14)[Audio-Technica AT-LP7 product page](https://www.audio-technica.co.jp/product/AT-LP7) |
| Denon DP-300FOpen in the generator | 221.5 mm | 19 mm | not given | 202.5 mm | [Denon DP-300F manual, p.7](https://www.denon.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-denon_northamerica_shared/default/dw258949bc/./downloads/dp-300f-owners-manual-global.pdf#page=10) |
| Denon DP-400Open in the generator | 220 mm | 16 mm | not given | 204 mm | [Denon DP-400 manual, p.36](https://manuals.denon.com/DP400/ALL/EN/pdf/DP400_ALL_EN.pdf#page=36) |
| Denon DP-450USBOpen in the generator | 220 mm | 16 mm | not given | 204 mm | [Denon DP-450USB manual, p.42](https://manuals.denon.com/DP450USB/ALL/EN/pdf/DP450USB_ALL_EN.pdf#page=42) |
| Dual CS 518Open in the generator | 221.5 mm | 19 mm | 25.6° | 202.5 mm | [Dual CS 518 manual, p.13](https://dual.de/wp-content/uploads/BDA-CS-518_manual_V4_DE_EN.pdf#page=13)[Dual CS 518 product page](https://dual.de/en/products/manual/cs-518/) |
| Dual CS 618QOpen in the generator | 221.5 mm | 19 mm | 25.6° | 202.5 mm | [Dual CS 618Q manual, p.13](https://dual.de/wp-content/uploads/BDA-CS-618Q_manual_V6_DE_EN.pdf#page=13)[Dual CS 618Q product page](https://dual.de/en/products/manual/cs-618q/) |
| Fluance RT81 EliteOpen in the generator | 224 mm | 19.2 mm | not given | 204.8 mm | [Fluance RT81 Elite manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt80-rt81-rt81p-user_manual-v26-web-05012023.pdf#page=18)[Fluance support article](https://support.fluance.com/s/article/Which-turntable-should-I-buy) |
| Fluance RT81+ Elite (RT81P)Open in the generator | 224 mm | 19.2 mm | not given | 204.8 mm | [Fluance RT81+ Elite (RT81P) manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt80-rt81-rt81p-user_manual-v26-web-05012023.pdf#page=18)[Fluance RT81+ Elite (RT81P) product page](https://www.fluance.com/rt81-plus-elite-high-fidelity-vinyl-turntable) |
| Fluance RT82 ReferenceOpen in the generator | 224 mm | 19.2 mm | not given | 204.8 mm | [Fluance RT85N user manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt85n-usermanual-v24-web-06302022.pdf#page=18)[Fluance manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/mwdownloads/download/link/id/699#page=18) |
| Fluance RT85 ReferenceOpen in the generator | 224 mm | 19.2 mm | not given | 204.8 mm | [Fluance RT85N user manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt85n-usermanual-v24-web-06302022.pdf#page=18)[Fluance manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/mwdownloads/download/link/id/1607#page=18) |
| Fluance RT85N ReferenceOpen in the generator | 224 mm | 19.2 mm | not given | 204.8 mm | [Fluance RT85N user manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt85n-usermanual-v24-web-06302022.pdf#page=18)[Fluance manual, p.18](https://www.fluance.com/mwdownloads/download/link/id/1607#page=18) |
| Marantz TT-15S1Open in the generator | 239 mm | 17 mm | not given | 222 mm | [Marantz TT-15S1 manual, p.13](https://www.marantz.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-marantz_northamerica_shared/default/dw1c0c0c59/archive-downloads/dfu_tt-15s1_eng.pdf#page=17) |
| Music Hall MMF-2.3Open in the generator | 218.5 mm | 18.5 mm | not given | 200 mm | [Music Hall MMF-2.3 manual](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0710/4649/6578/files/music-hall-mmf-2.3-turntable-manual.pdf?v=1677776693#page=12) |
| Music Hall MMF-7.3Open in the generator | 228.6 mm | 18 mm | not given | 210.6 mm | [Music Hall MMF-7.3 manual](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0710/4649/6578/files/music-hall-mmf-7.3-turntable-manual.pdf?v=1677776691#page=15) |
| [Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO](https://vinylai.app/turntables/pro-ject-debut-carbon-evo/)Open in the generator | 218.5 mm | 18.5 mm | not given | 200 mm | [Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO instructions for use, p.7](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DebutCarbonEVO-Userguide.pdf#page=7) |
| Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2Open in the generator | 218.5 mm | 18.5 mm | not given | 200 mm | [Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Debut-EVO-2-Userguide.pdf#page=9)[Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Debut-EVO-2-EN.pdf#page=1) |
| Pro-Ject E1Open in the generator | 218.5 mm | 22 mm | not given | 196.5 mm | [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/E1_UNI-Userguide.pdf#page=10)[Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/E1-EN.pdf#page=1) |
| Pro-Ject T1Open in the generator | 218.5 mm | 22 mm | not given | 196.5 mm | [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T1_T1_Phono_SB_T1_BT-Manual.pdf#page=10)[Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T1-EN.pdf#page=1) |
| Pro-Ject T1 EVOOpen in the generator | 218.5 mm | 22 mm | not given | 196.5 mm | [Pro-Ject T1 EVO manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/T1_EVO_T1_EVO_Phono_T1_EVO_BT_Manual.pdf#page=10)[Pro-Ject T1 EVO manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/T1-EVO-EN.pdf#page=1) |
| Pro-Ject T2Open in the generator | 230 mm | 22 mm | not given | 208 mm | [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/T2-Manual.pdf#page=8)[Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/T2-EN.pdf#page=1) |
| Rega Planar 2Open in the generator | 236.5 mm | 14.5 mm | 21.55° | 222 mm | [Rega product page](https://www.rega.co.uk/products/rb220)[Rega manual](https://www.rega.co.uk/download/TA-RB220-RETAIL-UNI-2.pdf#page=4) |
| Rega Planar 3Open in the generator | 236.5 mm | 14.5 mm | 21.55° | 222 mm | [Rega product page](https://www.rega.co.uk/products/rb330)[Rega manual](https://www.rega.co.uk/download/rb330-retail-instructions-master-2017.pdf#page=2) |
| Reloop RP-8000 MK2Open in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Reloop RP-8000 MK2 product page](https://www.reloop.com/reloop-rp-8000-mk2) |
| Reloop Turn 5Open in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Reloop manual](https://www.reloop.com/media/custom/upload/Reloop-238666_Reloop_IM.pdf#page=11)[Reloop Turn 5 product page](https://www.reloop-hifi.com/reloop-turn-5) |
| Technics SL-100COpen in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Technics SL-100C specifications](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/SL100C_Specifications_US.pdf#page=2) |
| Technics SL-1200GOpen in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Technics SL-1200G catalogue](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/SL-1200G_Catalog_US_0512.pdf#page=9)[Technics product page](https://jp.technics.com/products/1200g/) |
| Technics SL-1200GROpen in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Technics SL-1200GR manual, p.27](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SL1200GR_1210GR_TQBM0054_ENG_FRE.pdf#page=27)[Technics product page](https://jp.technics.com/products/1200gr/) |
| Technics SL-1200GR2Open in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Technics SL-1200GR2 manual, p.27](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/SL1200GR2_SL1210GR2_TQBM0909_ENG_FRE.pdf#page=27) |
| [Technics SL-1200MK7](https://vinylai.app/turntables/technics-sl-1200/)Open in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Technics SL-1200MK7 owner’s manual (TQBM0410), p.23](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SL1200MK7_TQBM0410_ENG_FRE.pdf#page=23) |
| Technics SL-1500COpen in the generator | 230 mm | 15 mm | 22° | 215 mm | [Technics SL-1500C catalogue (Japanese)](https://panasonic.jp/catalog/ctlg/slc/slc.pdf#page=4)[Technics product page](https://jp.technics.com/products/1500c/) |
| Thorens TD 1500Open in the generator | 232.8 mm | 17.8 mm | not given | 215 mm | [Thorens TD 1500 manual, p.48](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%201500/bda-td-1500-05-2026-web.pdf#page=48) |
| Thorens TD 1600 (TP 160)Open in the generator | 232.8 mm | 17.8 mm | 23.66° | 215 mm | [Thorens TD 1600 (TP 160) manual, p.45](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%201600%20TP%20160/bda-td-td1600-td1601-tp160-screen.pdf#page=45)[Thorens TD 1600 (TP 160) data sheet](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TP%20160/en/datasheet-tp-160-2024.pdf#page=1) |
| Thorens TD 202Open in the generator | 223.6 mm | 18.6 mm | not given | 205 mm | [Thorens TD 202 manual, p.26](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%20202/en/td202-user-guide.pdf#page=26) |
| Thorens TD 402 DDOpen in the generator | 223.6 mm | 18.6 mm | not given | 205 mm | [Thorens TD 402 DD manual, p.26](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%20402%20DD/en/manual-td-402dd.pdf#page=26) |
| Victrola Stream Carbon (VPT-3000)Open in the generator | 225 mm | 18.5 mm | not given | 206.5 mm | [Victrola Stream Carbon (VPT-3000) manual](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2245/0063/files/vpt-3000-bsl-man.pdf?v=1663084322#page=3)[Victrola Stream Carbon (VPT-3000) product page](https://www.victrola.com/products/victrola-stream-carbon-works-with-sonos-turntable) |
| Yamaha MusicCast VINYL 500 (TT-N503)Open in the generator | 223.5 mm | 19 mm | not given | 204.5 mm | [Yamaha MusicCast VINYL 500 (TT-N503) manual, p.45](https://usa.yamaha.com/files/download/other_assets/4/1218844/AV21-0075_TT-N503_owners_manual_EnFrEs_UCABLP_D0.pdf#page=45) |
| Yamaha TT-S303Open in the generator | 223.5 mm | 19 mm | not given | 204.5 mm | [Yamaha TT-S303 manual, p.26](https://usa.yamaha.com/files/download/other_assets/2/1218802/web_AV17-0337_TT-S303_om_U_EnFr_A0.pdf#page=26) |

## Your turntable is not on the list?

Look in the specifications at the back of the manual. Most give **effective length** and **overhang**: pivot-to-spindle is effective length minus overhang. Some print the pivot-to-spindle (or "mounting") distance directly. Choose "My turntable is not listed" and type in what you have. We only add a turntable to the list when its maker publishes these figures, and every one of them links to the document it came from.

## Turntables that do not need a protractor

If the cartridge is built into the arm, or the maker says it cannot be changed, there is nothing to adjust: the factory has already fixed where the stylus sits. The same goes for arms made for P-mount (T4P) cartridges, which lock the stylus position by design. On these decks a worn stylus is replaced, and the alignment comes with it.

Turntables on our list with a fixed cartridge:

- [Audio-Technica AT-LP60X](https://vinylai.app/turntables/at-lp60x/)
- Audio-Technica AT-LP70X
- [Crosley Cruiser](https://vinylai.app/turntables/crosley-cruiser/)
- [Sony PS-LX310BT](https://vinylai.app/turntables/sony-ps-lx310bt/)
- [Victrola Journey](https://vinylai.app/turntables/victrola-journey/)

## Questions about protractors and alignment

Is a paper protractor accurate enough?

Yes, when it prints at the right scale. The grid lines on this sheet are 0.12 mm wide, finer than you can see the stylus against them, so the limit is your eye rather than the paper. Check the scale with a bank card before you start, and use a magnifier or your phone camera for the cantilever.

Do I line up the cartridge body or the cantilever?

The cantilever: the thin tube that carries the stylus. Cartridge bodies are not always square to it, and the cantilever is what the groove sees. Use the body only if you cannot see the cantilever at all.

How much does half a millimetre of overhang matter?

More than the choice of alignment. On a turntable with a 215 mm pivot-to-spindle distance set to Baerwald, the average weighted tracking error over a side is about 0.084 degrees per centimetre, and Löfgren B brings it down to 0.076. Leave the overhang half a millimetre short and it rises to 0.104; twist the cartridge half a degree too far and it reaches 0.118. Careful setting does more than the choice of geometry.

The cartridge cannot reach the null points. What now?

The headshell slots are too short for that geometry. Stevenson needs the least overhang of the three, Löfgren B the most. Try Stevenson, or the factory setting from your manual.

My print came out the wrong size.

Print again with 100 % or "Actual size" chosen and "Fit to page" switched off. If it is still slightly off, measure both 100 mm rulers on the print, type the numbers into "The print came out the wrong size?" in the generator and download the PDF again. It will be corrected for your printer.

What are overhang and offset angle?

Overhang is how far the stylus reaches past the centre of the spindle when the arm swings over it. The offset angle is how much the cartridge is turned in relative to the line from the pivot to the stylus. Together with the pivot-to-spindle distance they decide where the null points fall. The generator prints all three for your setup.

## Sources

Null points are calculated from the published methods, not copied, and checked against the values protractor makers print (IEC Baerwald 66.0 and 120.9 mm). Turntable figures come from each maker's manual or product page:

- E. Löfgren (1938): the A and B solutions for an offset tonearm.
- H. G. Baerwald (1941): the same result as Löfgren A, found independently.
- J. K. Stevenson (1966): inner null point on the last groove.
- IEC 60098: innermost and outermost groove radii of an LP.
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP120XUSB manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp120xusb_um_162501380_v2_en_web_190609.pdf#page=16) (p.15)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP140XP manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp140xp_um_162501390_v1_en_web_190413.pdf#page=16) (p.15)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP3XBT manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/AT-LP3XBT-UM-EN.pdf#page=47) (p.46)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP3XBT product page](https://www.audio-technica.co.jp/product/AT-LP3XBT)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP5X manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/AT-LP5X_UM_162501850_V2_EN_web_210225.pdf#page=16) (p.15)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP7 manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp7_um_162501141_v2_eu_web_200228.pdf#page=14) (p.13)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP7 product page](https://www.audio-technica.co.jp/product/AT-LP7)
- [Denon DP-300F manual](https://www.denon.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-denon_northamerica_shared/default/dw258949bc/./downloads/dp-300f-owners-manual-global.pdf#page=10) (p.7)
- [Denon DP-400 manual](https://manuals.denon.com/DP400/ALL/EN/pdf/DP400_ALL_EN.pdf#page=36) (p.36)
- [Denon DP-450USB manual](https://manuals.denon.com/DP450USB/ALL/EN/pdf/DP450USB_ALL_EN.pdf#page=42) (p.42)
- [Dual CS 518 manual](https://dual.de/wp-content/uploads/BDA-CS-518_manual_V4_DE_EN.pdf#page=13) (p.13)
- [Dual CS 518 product page](https://dual.de/en/products/manual/cs-518/)
- [Dual CS 618Q manual](https://dual.de/wp-content/uploads/BDA-CS-618Q_manual_V6_DE_EN.pdf#page=13) (p.13)
- [Dual CS 618Q product page](https://dual.de/en/products/manual/cs-618q/)
- [Fluance RT81 Elite manual](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt80-rt81-rt81p-user_manual-v26-web-05012023.pdf#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance support article](https://support.fluance.com/s/article/Which-turntable-should-I-buy)
- [Fluance RT81+ Elite (RT81P) manual](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt80-rt81-rt81p-user_manual-v26-web-05012023.pdf#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance RT81+ Elite (RT81P) product page](https://www.fluance.com/rt81-plus-elite-high-fidelity-vinyl-turntable)
- [Fluance RT85N user manual](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt85n-usermanual-v24-web-06302022.pdf#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance manual](https://www.fluance.com/mwdownloads/download/link/id/699#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance RT85N user manual](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt85n-usermanual-v24-web-06302022.pdf#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance manual](https://www.fluance.com/mwdownloads/download/link/id/1607#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance RT85N user manual](https://www.fluance.com/media/mageworx/downloads/attachment/file/r/t/rt85n-usermanual-v24-web-06302022.pdf#page=18) (p.18)
- [Fluance manual](https://www.fluance.com/mwdownloads/download/link/id/1607#page=18) (p.18)
- [Marantz TT-15S1 manual](https://www.marantz.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-marantz_northamerica_shared/default/dw1c0c0c59/archive-downloads/dfu_tt-15s1_eng.pdf#page=17) (p.13)
- [Music Hall MMF-2.3 manual](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0710/4649/6578/files/music-hall-mmf-2.3-turntable-manual.pdf?v=1677776693#page=12)
- [Music Hall MMF-7.3 manual](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0710/4649/6578/files/music-hall-mmf-7.3-turntable-manual.pdf?v=1677776691#page=15)
- [Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO instructions for use](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DebutCarbonEVO-Userguide.pdf#page=7) (p.7)
- [Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Debut-EVO-2-Userguide.pdf#page=9)
- [Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Debut-EVO-2-EN.pdf#page=1)
- [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/E1_UNI-Userguide.pdf#page=10)
- [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/E1-EN.pdf#page=1)
- [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T1_T1_Phono_SB_T1_BT-Manual.pdf#page=10)
- [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T1-EN.pdf#page=1)
- [Pro-Ject T1 EVO manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/T1_EVO_T1_EVO_Phono_T1_EVO_BT_Manual.pdf#page=10)
- [Pro-Ject T1 EVO manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/T1-EVO-EN.pdf#page=1)
- [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/T2-Manual.pdf#page=8)
- [Pro-Ject manual](https://www.project-audio.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/T2-EN.pdf#page=1)
- [Rega product page](https://www.rega.co.uk/products/rb220)
- [Rega manual](https://www.rega.co.uk/download/TA-RB220-RETAIL-UNI-2.pdf#page=4)
- [Rega product page](https://www.rega.co.uk/products/rb330)
- [Rega manual](https://www.rega.co.uk/download/rb330-retail-instructions-master-2017.pdf#page=2)
- [Reloop RP-8000 MK2 product page](https://www.reloop.com/reloop-rp-8000-mk2)
- [Reloop manual](https://www.reloop.com/media/custom/upload/Reloop-238666_Reloop_IM.pdf#page=11)
- [Reloop Turn 5 product page](https://www.reloop-hifi.com/reloop-turn-5)
- [Technics SL-100C specifications](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/SL100C_Specifications_US.pdf#page=2)
- [Technics SL-1200G catalogue](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/SL-1200G_Catalog_US_0512.pdf#page=9)
- [Technics product page](https://jp.technics.com/products/1200g/)
- [Technics SL-1200GR manual](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SL1200GR_1210GR_TQBM0054_ENG_FRE.pdf#page=27) (p.27)
- [Technics product page](https://jp.technics.com/products/1200gr/)
- [Technics SL-1200GR2 manual](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/SL1200GR2_SL1210GR2_TQBM0909_ENG_FRE.pdf#page=27) (p.27)
- [Technics SL-1200MK7 owner’s manual (TQBM0410)](https://help.na.panasonic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SL1200MK7_TQBM0410_ENG_FRE.pdf#page=23) (p.23)
- [Technics SL-1500C catalogue (Japanese)](https://panasonic.jp/catalog/ctlg/slc/slc.pdf#page=4)
- [Technics product page](https://jp.technics.com/products/1500c/)
- [Thorens TD 1500 manual](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%201500/bda-td-1500-05-2026-web.pdf#page=48) (p.48)
- [Thorens TD 1600 (TP 160) manual](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%201600%20TP%20160/bda-td-td1600-td1601-tp160-screen.pdf#page=45) (p.45)
- [Thorens TD 1600 (TP 160) data sheet](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TP%20160/en/datasheet-tp-160-2024.pdf#page=1)
- [Thorens TD 202 manual](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%20202/en/td202-user-guide.pdf#page=26) (p.26)
- [Thorens TD 402 DD manual](https://www.thorens.com/assets/downloads/TD%20402%20DD/en/manual-td-402dd.pdf#page=26) (p.26)
- [Victrola Stream Carbon (VPT-3000) manual](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2245/0063/files/vpt-3000-bsl-man.pdf?v=1663084322#page=3)
- [Victrola Stream Carbon (VPT-3000) product page](https://www.victrola.com/products/victrola-stream-carbon-works-with-sonos-turntable)
- [Yamaha MusicCast VINYL 500 (TT-N503) manual](https://usa.yamaha.com/files/download/other_assets/4/1218844/AV21-0075_TT-N503_owners_manual_EnFrEs_UCABLP_D0.pdf#page=45) (p.45)
- [Yamaha TT-S303 manual](https://usa.yamaha.com/files/download/other_assets/2/1218802/web_AV17-0337_TT-S303_om_U_EnFr_A0.pdf#page=26) (p.26)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP60X user manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/us/at_lp60x_um_162501370_v2_en_web_190502.pdf#page=4) (p.3)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP70X manual](https://docs.audio-technica.com/all/AT-LP70X-UM-EN.pdf#page=34) (p.33)
- [Audio-Technica AT-LP70X product page](https://www.audio-technica.co.jp/product/AT-LP70X)
- [Sony support: changing the cartridge on the PS-LX310BT](https://www.sony.ie/electronics/support/articles/00226585)

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